Educational Studies

Effective Revision & Long-Term Memory

A large 2013 review conducted by researchers from Kent State University, Duke University, the University of Wisconsin and the University of Virginia analysed hundreds of studies to identify which revision strategies are most effective for improving long-term learning and memory.

The study found that the most effective revision techniques are:

Retrieval Practice

Students improve memory most effectively when they actively retrieve information rather than simply re-reading notes. This includes:

answering questions
completing past papers
using flashcards
attempting practice problems from memory

Retrieval practice strengthens understanding and improves long-term retention.

Distributed Practice (Spaced Revision)

The research also showed that students remember more when revision is spread over time instead of completed in one large session (“cramming”).

Short, consistent revision sessions across multiple days or weeks lead to significantly better long-term learning outcomes.

Moderately Effective Revision Strategies

The study also identified two strategies that can be helpful when used correctly:

Elaborative Interrogation

This involves asking questions such as:

“Why is this true?”
“How does this connect to previous knowledge?”

This helps students build deeper understanding and stronger connections between topics.

Interleaved Practice

Interleaving involves mixing different types of questions or topics during revision rather than focusing on one topic for an extended period.

This improves problem-solving flexibility and helps students better apply knowledge in unfamiliar situations.

Less Effective Revision Methods

The study found that some popular revision methods are less effective for long-term learning, including:

Highlighting & Underlining

Simply highlighting information may create the illusion of learning without improving long-term retention.

Re-reading Notes

Repeatedly reading textbooks or notes can feel productive, but often results in weaker memory retention compared to active retrieval methods.

Key Takeaway

The research suggests that students learn mathematics and other academic subjects more effectively when they:

actively practise recalling information
complete regular past paper questions
revise consistently over time
mix different question styles
engage deeply with concepts rather than passively reading notes

These findings strongly support structured, interactive and exam-focused learning approaches.